TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Title Page – – – – – – – – – – i
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – ii
Declaration – – – – – – – – – – iii
Certification – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – – v
Table of Content – – – – – – – – – vii
List of Table – – – – – – – – – xi
List of Figures – – – – – – – – – xii
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – xiii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Scope of Study – – – – – – – – 4
1.3 Aim of Study – – – – – – – – 4
1.4 Significance of the Study – – – – – – – 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review – – – – – – – – 6
2.1 Haematopoiesis – – – – – – – – 6
2.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) – – – – – 6
2.3 Locations of Blood Formation – – – – – – 8
2.4 Maturation of Stem Cells – – – – – – – 8
2.5 Red Blood Cells (RBCs) – – – – – – – 9
2.5.1 Red Blood Cell Count – – – – – – – 9
2.5.2 Red Blood Cell Parameters – – – – – – 10
2.6 White Blood Cells – – – – – – – – 12
2.6.1 Classes of White Blood Cells – – – – – – 13
2.6.2 White Blood Cell Count – – – – – – – 15
2.7 Platelets or Thrombocytes – – – – – – 18
2.7.1 Thrombopoiesis – – – – – – – – 18
2.7.2 Platelet Count – – – – – – – – 20
2.7.3 Thrombocytopenia – – – – – – – – 20
2.8 Diabetes Mellitus – – – – – – – – 22
2.8.1 Types of Diabetes Mellitus – – – – – – 23
2.8.2 Causes of Type II Diabetes Mellitus – – – – – 24
2.8.3 Hematological Changes in Diabetic Conditions – – – 25
2.8.4 Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – – – – – 26
2.9 Terminalia catappa – – – – – – – – 30
2.9.1 Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Modulatory Activity – – 32
2.9.2 Anti-Diabetic Activity – – – – – – – 33
2.9.3 Hepatoprotective activity – – – – – – – 34
2.9.4 Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Fungal Activities – – – – 35
2.9.5 ACE Inhibitory Activity – – – – – – – 35
2.9.6 Anti-Ageing Activity – – – – – – – 35
2.9.7 Anticancer Activity – – – – – – – 36
2.9.8 Toxicology – – – – – – – – – 37
2.10 ASPIRIN (Acetyl Salicylic Acid- ASA) – – – – 38
2.11 Meloxicam – – – – – – – – – 39
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0 Materials and Apparatus Used – – – – – – 41
3.1 Collection and Identification of Plant Material- – – – 43
3.2 Preparation of Aqueous Extract – – – – – – 43
3.3 Animal Preparation – – – – – – – 43
3.4 Experimental Design – – – – – – – 44
3.5 Diabetes Induction – – – – – – – – 44
3.6 Extract Administration – – – – – – – 45
3.7 Insulin Administration – – – – – – – 45
3.8 Meloxicam Administration – – – – – – 45
3.9 Aspirin Administration – – – – – – – 45
3.10 Collection of Blood Sample – – – – – – 46
3.11 Analysis of Blood Parameters – – – – – – 46
3.12 Statistical Analysis – – – – – – – 46
CHAPTER FOUR : RESULTS
4.1 Red Blood Cell Count – – – – – – – 47
4.2 White Blood Cell Count – – – – – – – 49
4.3. Platelet Count – – – – – – – – 51
4.4 Neutrophil Levels – – – – – – – – 53
4.5 Eosinophil Levels – – – – – – – – 53
4.6 Basophil Levels – – – – – – – – 54
4.7 Monocyte Levels – – – – – – – – 54
4.8 Lymphocyte Levels – – – – – – – 55
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion – – – – – – – – – 57
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 60
5.3 Recommendation – – – – – – – – 61
References – – – – – – – – – – 62
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Table showing grouping of animals. The animals were divided into Nine (9) groups of Seven (6) animals per group – – 44
Table 2: Table showing the effects 130mg/kg BW of Terminalia catappa leaf extract, Effects of 30mg/kg BW of Aspirin,2mg/kg BW of meloxicam and 0.75µ/kg BW of insulin on the Differential White Blood Count of rats (n=6, *p>0.05 not significant; p<0.05:significant; p<0.01 highly significant 56
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Red blood cells in diabetic rats treated with extract,aspirin, meloxicam and insulin compared with control.Values are Mean ± SEM – – – – – – 49
Figure 2. White blood cell count in diabetic rats treated with extract, aspirin,meloxicam and insulin compared with control. Values are Mean ± SEM. a =p<0.05 vs non-diabetic control, b = p<0.05 vs diabetic control group,c = p<0.05 vs extract treated group – – – 51
ABSTRACT
The changes in some haematological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with Terminaliacatappa leaves extract and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) was studied. 54 male albino wister rats were selected into nine (9) groups of six (6) rats each. Group 1 was control which received 1mg/kg of deionized water, group 2 was extract treated control group and was given 130mg/kg per body weight (BW) of Terminalia catappa leaf extract, group 3 was diabetic control group and received 1mg/kg BW of deionized water, group 4 being diabetic treated with extract was given 130mg/kg BW of T. catappa leaves extract, group 5 was diabetic treated with aspirin received 30mg/kg BW of aspirin, group 6 was diabetic treatd with meloxicam received 2mg/kg BW of meloxicam, group 7 which was diabetic treated with combination of the extract and aspirin received 130mg/kg BW extract and 30mg/kg BW of aspirin, group 8 which were diabetic treated with extract and meloxicam wewre administered with 130mg/kg BW of extract and 2mg/kg BW of meloxicam, group 9 was diabetic treated with insulin
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