1.1 Background to the Study
Improper industrial and municipal waste management can lead to many forms of contamination, such as groundwater contamination, air quality deterioration, and greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., methane gas emissions from anaerobic decomposition). [3] Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes conventional wastes and hazardous waste. Currently, industrial activities are the main sources of world’s hazardous waste production. [4]
Hazardous wastes as defined are wastes (solid, liquid or sludge) other than radioactive waste which, is defined by of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive, or other characteristics that has potential risks for human health and environment. [5] Hazardous wastes, the main defect of the industrialized world, showed their importance because of their potential hazard to human health and environment when improperly identified and managed. [6] Discovering hundreds of barrels of toxic waste in a park in Istanbul, Turkey [7] or fire in the warehouse containing chemical waste at the factory in basal Switzerland in 1986 [8] can be mentioned as examples for the hazard of these wastes. Similar incident was happened in Iran, for example, explosion of the tank contains oil and complete destruction of installations and the deaths of at least five people in 2005. [8] Now-a-days, efficient management of large amounts generated waste with different composition poses a major challenge for the industries. [9] The main elements of comprehensive waste management are production, storage, collection, transportation, processing, disposal, and treatment. [10] Industrial Waste Management history returns to approval of Resource Conservation Recovery Act in United States in 1976. [11],[12] The first laws and regulations pertaining to hazardous waste management have been implemented in member countries of the Common Market in 1980, Europe. [13] Now-a-days, laws and regulations for the control and safe disposal of industrial waste are implemented in many industrialized countries. In developed countries such as the United States of America, England, France, Germany, Japan, and The Netherlands have been provided a detailed list of databases, processes, industrial waste, or hazardous waste. However, Industrial wastes in many developing countries are still transporting with common household waste and posing many health risks to workers, public, and environment [14] .Compilation detailed database of status and industrial waste quality is inevitable in order to establish a national industrial wastes control system. [5]
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