To improve the overall efficiency of the power system, the performance of transmission system must be improved. Some of the vital ways of achieving this objective is by reducing power losses in the system and also improving voltage profile. An important method of controlling bus voltage is by shunt capacitor banks in the transmission substations. The capacitor absorbs reactive power flow in the system, thus improving power factor. When this is done, active power is also improved. In this work, a 10-bus transmission system is taken as model. Newton-Raphson’s power flow program is executed using MATLAB toolbox to obtain p. u nodal voltage ranging from 0.8890 to 1.0564, total real power line losses (0.09438 p.u), and total reactive power line losses (0.36970 p. u). By using power loss reduction, power loss index is evaluated and normalized in the range [0, 1]. These indices, together with the p. u nodal voltage magnitude, is fed as inputs to the Fuzzy Inference System to obtain Capacitor Suitability Index (CSI). The CSIs obtained, ranges from 0.244 to 0.897. The values of the CSIs determine nodes most suitable for capacitor installation. Experimentally, highest values of CSIs are chosen for capacitor installation. As a result, 3 buses (3, 8, and 10) with CSI values of 0.680, 0.750, and 0.897 respectively, are chosen. Capacitor sizes of 50MVar, 85MVar, and 60MVar (obtained from Index Based Method) are installed on the buses. Voltage profile improves by 3.74%, 3.27%, and 3.33% respectively, while total real power loss in the system reduces by 17.55% and total reactive power injection to the network reduces by 8.70% respectively. Overall, system stability and efficiency, hence, reliability, are improved by installation of capacitors at suitable locations in a transmission system.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Electrical energy is generated at power stations which are usually located far away from load centres [1]. Thus, a network of conductors between the power stations and the consumers is required in order to harness the power generated. This network of conductors may be divided into two main components, namely, the transmission system and the distribution system [1]. As power flows in the lines, a significant amount is lost. Accurate knowledge of these power losses on transmission lines and their minimization is a critical component for efficient flow of power in an electrical network. Power losses result in lower power availability to final consumers. Hence, adequate measures need to be taken to reduce power losses to the barest minimum.
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