TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                                                      Page

TITLE PAGE                                                                                           I

APPROVAL PAGE                                                                                    II

CERTIFICATION                                                                                       III

DEDICATION                                                                                                    IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                                                                                V

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                    VI

LIST OF TABLES                                                                                               X

LIST OF FIGURES                                                                                          XI

ABSTRACT                                                                                                         XII

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                               1 

           Background to the Study                                                              1     

           Statement of the Problem                                                               13   

           Purpose of the Study                                                              15   

           Research Questions                                                                16

Hypotheses                                                                                     17 

           Significance of the Study                                                        17

           Scope of the Study                                                                          19

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                        20

    Conceptual Framework                                                                   21

           Concept of University Libraries                                                     21

           Concept of Service Delivery in Libraries                                       26

           Concept of Library Security                                                             30

           Concept of Library Security Systems                                               35

           Schematic Representation of the Conceptual Framework              42

Theoretical Framework                                                                         43

           Relative Deprivation Theory by Dollard et al (1939)                    43

          Collection Security Management Model (CSMM) by Da Veiga and Elof (2007)    45 

          Model of Information Services (MIS) by Michael Porter and Victor Millar (1988) 48

Review of Related Empirical Studies                                         50

          Security System Adopted by Libraries for Supporting Service Delivery in Federal University Libraries                                        5

          Library Security on Technical Services in University Libraries.        53

          Library Security on Reader Services in University Libraries.    55

          Library Security on Library Administrative Services on Federal University Libraries                                                              57

          Problems Associated to ineffective Service Delivery in Federal  University Libraries                                                                          58

          Strategies Needed for the Enhancement of Library Security in Federal University  Libraries                                                                 60

Summary of Literature Review                                                              61

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD                                          62

            Design of the Study                                                                       62

            Area of the Study                                                                            62 

            Population of the Study                                                                   63

            Sample and Sampling Techniques                                                    64

            Instrument for Data Collection                                                           64

            Validation of the Instrument                                                               66

            Reliability of the Instrument                                                            67

            Method of Data Collection                                                                 69

            Method of Data Analysis                                                              69

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS                                                                         71

            Research Question One                                                                  72

            Research Question Two                                                                    73

            Research Question Three                                                              75

            Research Question Four                                                                  76

            Research Question Five                                                             77

            Research Question Six                                                                       78

            Research Question Seven                                                                  80

            Research Question Eight                                                                     81

            Hypothesis One                                                                                  83

            Summary of Findings                                                                          84

CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION      86

            Discussion of Findings                                                                       86

            Educational Implications of the Study                                             94

            Limitations of the Study                                                             98

            Suggestions for Further Study                                                        98

            Conclusion                                                                                            99

            Recommendations                                                                            101

REFERENCES                                                                                              103

APPENDICES

LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                                                                   Pages

 1:  Observation Check List                                                                                   71

 2:  Type of Security Apparatus                                                                           72

 3:  Extent of Implementation of Security Effective Service Delivery      74

 4:  Influence of Library Security on Technical Service in University Libraries                        75

 5:  Influence of Library Security on Reader Service in University Libraries                           76

 6:  Influence of Library Security on Library Administrative Service in  Federal University Libraries                                                                77

   7:  Perception of Library Users (Students) on Library Security     79 

 8:  Challenges Associated with the Implementation of Library Security or Effective Service Delivery in Federal University Libraries in    North Central, Nigeria                     80

 9:  Strategies for Enhancing the Implementation of Library Security for Effective Service Delivery in Federal University Libraries in North Central, Nigeria                        82

 10:  Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test of Hypothesis                         83

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure                                                                                                            page

I: Problems Schematic Representation of Security Problems in University

    libraries. Adapted from Hagen, Albrechtsen and Hovden (2008).                                        42

2: House Model for Collection Security Management for Libraries (CSML)(Adapted from Da Veiga and Elof, 2007)                                                                              46

3:  Model of Information Services (MIS) (Adapted from Michael and Victor Millar, 1988)   48                                               

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the Library Security and Service Delivery in Federal University Libraries in North Central Nigeria. It sought to find out the types of security systems adopted by the federal university libraries, extent of implementation of security in university libraries for effective service delivery, perception of library users (students) on library security. The study determined the challenges and strategies to enhance the implementation of library security for effective service delivery. There are eight research questions and one hypothesis formulated, that guided the study. A descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population of the study comprised of 25,590. Using the Taro Yamane (1964) formula, the total sample size for the study was 572. The instruments for data collection were questionnaires and observation check list. In analyzing the data, mean and standard deviation and ANOVA were used. The instrument was validated by three experts at University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The instrument was trial-tested on 20 selected library staff of Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and 15 registered students at Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 572 Questionnaires were administered to the respondents in the selected institutions of the study and 516 (90%) were returned and 56 (10%) questionnaires were missing. The data collected were presented in tables. Descriptive statistics was used based on SPSS statistical analyses version 22.00 for primary data. The findings revealed that, close circuit television (CCTV) and surveillance cameras, are slightly adopted, that the security systems are not sufficiently adopted by most of the Federal University libraries.  The findings further, revealed that there is insecurity in the collections of Technical services, reader services, through, theft, mutilation, defacing of library materials, and vandalism of the university library collections. Findings also indicate serious dysfunctional security implementation by library staff. Also, findings showed that the responses indicated that there is serious security threat on all units or sections of the university libraries. However, some challenges such as poor budgeting/inadequate funding of the library, in adequate staff/personnel, sabotage of library security by members of staff, poor lightning in important areas of the library, epileptic/erratic power supply to implement electronic security, lack of institutional security policy among others were identified. Strategies to overcome the challenges were identified to include, improved funding of university libraries, employment of more staff in the library, improving lighting of important areas in the library, need for a standby generators among others. There was a significant difference between electronic security system and manual security system in Federal University Libraries in North Central, Nigeria. The study recommended the recruitment of competent security personnel to man the entrances / exit of the library, provision of close circuit television (CCTV), special intervention in the installation of electronic security systems, the need for adequate funding, development of a workable security policy and the need for collaborative efforts by the entire library staff in ensuring the security of the library at all times.  

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

The emergence of libraries enables people to engage in all types of information. Students, teachers, practitioners, researchers, organizations, communities, governments, among others, rely on the library for information. In essence, the demand for library for information, learning, teaching and research is central to functional school system-most especially, university education. The traditional notion of a library looks at ‘library’ as a mere collection of books. A more comprehensive view, however, describes ‘library’ as:

An organized collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. A library’s collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-books, audio-books, databases, and other formats. Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items (Freeman, 2014:3).

             A library collects, organizes, preserves and makes information resources accessible to all kinds of users regardless of their age, backgrounds and interests. Islam (2004) defined library as a learned institution equipped with treasures of knowledge, maintained, organized and managed by trained personnel to educate members of society continuously and assist in their self- improvement through an effective and prompt dissemination of information. Libraries are of different types. They include: academic libraries, national libraries, special libraries and others. A national or state library is a repository of information and publication of a country. A public library serves the general public. An academic library usually serves purposes of research. Special libraries are owned by private individuals or firms or organizations for the purpose of doing specialized research such as libraries of law firms.

            An academic library in its generic term refers to all the libraries that exist in institutions of higher learning. Their major aim is to provide the curricular needs of the students as well as to support the teaching staff in their up-to date materials required for their teaching. Edoka (2000) defines academic libraries as libraries that exist in institutions of higher education such as universities, colleges of education, and polytechnics. Universities in particular usually go beyond the curricular needs of the institution to emphasize research in their community and humanity at large.

According to Kudu (2012: p.35); the functions of University library are to:

1. provide information materials required for academic programmes of the parent     institution
2. provide research information resources in consonance with the needs of faculty and students,
3. provide information resources for recreation and personal development of users,
4. provide study accommodation in useful variety of locations,
5. provide protection and security for these materials,
6. cooperate with other libraries as appropriate for improved information services, and
7. provide specialized information services to appropriate segment of the wider community. 

            Because of the foregoing, universities are provided with library facilities and resources more than the other tiers of academic institutions such as colleges of education and polytechnics. Facilities or collections of university libraries are, text books, encyclopaedias, dictionaries, bibliographies, abstract, indexes, biographies, geographical resources, serial publication eg, magazines, journals, annuals such as reports, memoirs, proceedings of meetings, newspapers, electronic sources such as, CDs, DVD, computers, films, databases and websites eg, E-books, E- journal, among others (Ogbuehi, 2013).

            The libraries are central to the universities. The importance of the university library to the intellectual life of the students, staff and researchers is often underscored by the oft-quoted statement by the British University Grants Committee of 1921 in Baker (2013: p. 9) which noted that:

The character and efficiency of a university may be gauged by the treatment of its central organ, the library. We regard the fullest provision (of funds) for library maintenance as the primary and most vital need in the equipment of a university. An adequate library is not only the basis of all teaching and study; it is the essential condition of research without which additions cannot be made to the sum of human knowledge.

            To replicate this strategic position in university education, the Nigerian government understandably assigned the prominent role to university libraries in its National Policy of Education (1998) which, for example, specifies that university education will make optimum contribution to national development by:

1. intensifying and diversifying its programmes for the development of high level manpower within the context of the needs of the nation,
2. making professional courses contents to reflect our national requirements, 
3. making all students as part of a general programme of all-round improvement in university education to offer general study courses such as History of Ideas, Philosophy of Knowledge and Nationalism, and
4. university research relevant to the nation’s developmental goals.

            There are calls, not only for the establishment of more federal universities as the government has done in recent years, but also for the creation, provision, protection and maintenance of properly-funded university libraries and information resources and collections in order to achieve the needed learning, teaching and research. However, after their establishment, security problems often threaten library resources and information services. There is therefore the need to provide security measures to prevent loss of resources, which if not checked, will put the operation of some federal university libraries in the North Central States of Nigeria in jeopardy. Aina (2004) observes that incidents of security threats negatively affect the quality of learning, teaching and research work being carried out by the students, staff and faculties.

            In reality, research, teaching and learning cannot take place in a university where library collections and resources are not only inadequate, but the limited ones are pilfered, stolen, destroyed, or mishandled by students, staff and other users. There are research findings that showed that libraries are being exposed to environmental disasters, of careless handling of collections, of absence of security programmes and policies for library management and administration, of loss of library resources to theft and other criminal behaviours (Jato 2005) in (Akpom, Ike, & Onyam 2017). This research work seeks to identify these causes of security problems and suggest ways to solving the problems in order to achieve optimum performance in the service delivery. Ajegbomogun, (2004), Akinfolarin (1992) equally reported that in Egypt, a certain library collection had to be kept under lock and key to prevent theft. Similarly, Terfarra (1996) cited cases of Middle-Eastern and European countries that chain-locked their collected works to prevent theft and vandalism. Yet, most school authorities in Nigeria seem not to recognize the threat of security problems to the life of library collections. However, several security measures such as detective barcode machines; close circuit television (CCTV), 3M electronic security systems, and a workable security policy for the university libraries are put in place to check theft and vandalism. This is more important than chaining or putting the materials under lock and key which may likely prevent users’ easy access to these resources.

         Efficient library service delivery has been the cardinal objective of any library. Nwalo (2003) defined library services as all intangible offers given by a library to its clientele to ensure the full exploitation of the resources of the library in meeting their full information needs. Library service delivery is also any facility provided by a library to enhance the use of library resources and dissemination of information (Innocent, 2014). According to Hornby (2000), service delivery relates to any assistance or help offered to a person to enable him or her use or take advantage or benefit from something. In this work, library service relates to any assistance or help offered to the users in university libraries to enable them use the university library resources and facilities. Hence, Edoka (2000) observed that the entire human and material resources in a library are put in place at considerable expense for the overall purpose of providing effective service delivery to the library users. Ogbuehi (2012) noted that the effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery would to a large extent represent what the patrons perceive of the library.

         The provision of service delivery in university libraries is regarded as a serious aspect of library service which seeks to satisfy the needs of the user in teaching, research and learning. Childer (1998) stated that the provision of information services represents an important part of academic libraries services and may be supplied in a variety of ways within the library system. Some of the services in university libraries are; bibliographic services, abstractive services, indexes services, inter-library loan services, reference services, reserve services, photocopy services, selective dissemination of information (SDI), current awareness services (CAS), reader services, translation services, library orientation. The university libraries are libraries attached to university. They are the nerve centres of scholarship in universities library. It is an indispensable instrument for intellectual development being a store house of information to which users, (students and staff) may turn to for accessing information. According to Nwezeh and Shabi (2011), librarians have information dissemination as their predominant function. The library has a unique position as a potential educational force in the university community of staff and students of different levels especially in this era of information communication technology which can facilitate the libraries’ capability to reach out to direct users as well as remote access users.

           Service delivery is an exchange of information about ideas, feelings, attitudes and beliefs between sender and receiver. While information delivery is in two dimensions that is audio and audio-visual dimensions, Lucky and Achebe (2013) argue that one can actually communicate without visualizing, and on the other hand, one can visualize and communicate both to the classes of users. Information services are to provide value-added information. Information services belong to the services needed by individuals, researchers, faculties, universities and organizations. It is based on the actual or potential information needs of the user, and affords a series of interconnected information collection, processing and provision or delivery services. Within this context service delivery is the provision of information on demand which indicates that a user, who demands for it, will be provided with answer to his inquiry. The university libraries advance the knowledge of users through their libraries with the help of the collections that are the bedrock for the services provided to the users. Gelfand (2005) quoted in Maidabino (2010) referred to the library as the only centralized location where new and emerging information technologies can be combined with knowledge resources in a user for use, service-rich environment that supports today’s social and educational patterns of learning, teaching and research.

            In order to bridge the gap between the information seekers, it is necessary to use a variety of delivery strategies to take the information to the users, the use of traditional methods and the technology methods. The strategies must be deployed to deliver the gamut of services to user’s requirements including document delivery service; bibliographic service; Information Technology (IT) service; reference services; interlibrary loans services, internet services, digital services; E-library services; technical service; computerized interactive search; abstracting and Indexing service; exhibition and displays; user education; selective dissemination of information (SDI); current awareness (CA); photocopying service; referral service; reservation service, translation service, lending service among others  (Kudu, 2012). For the purpose of this study, information service in library is the sum total of all library activities aimed at facilitating the use of the library and its resources. The research work aims at identifying physical and digital collection security problems that hinder the provision of effective and efficiency services provided in university libraries, like Library Administrative services among others. It is based on the actual or potential information needs of the user, and affords a series of interconnected information collection, processing and provision services.

         The availability of all information resources in a university library will create conducive environment for the librarian to provide all those information services, to serve the users in carrying out their researches effectively. Nkiki and Yusuf (2008) in Oyedum, Sani, Udoang (2014) stated that Librarians also agreed that a university with more library resources (Digital resources and physical collections) provides better services for researches, while in the absence of information resources in the university libraries, the service delivery cannot be possible. This therefore, calls for ensuring the security of the resources in the university libraries in north central, Nigeria

Security of library resources is very paramount in the provision of efficient library service delivery, where there is insecurity of library collections, the resources are exposed to dangers such as theft, mutilation, and vandalism among others. These can have adverse negative effects on library service delivery. Ani (2010) stated that security is the condition of being protected physically, emotionally, psychologically as well as from other harms, attacks, terror which could be considered as non-desirable. Edem (2010) defines se