TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE … … … … … … … … i
CERTIFICATION … … … … … … ii
DEDICATION … … … … … … … iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT … … … … … iv
TABLE OF CONTENT … … … … … vii
SHORT BIOGRAPHY … … … … … ix
GENERAL INTRODUCTION … … … … xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 MODES OF BEING IN JEAN PAUL SARTRE … 1
1.1 Meaning of being … … … … … … 1
1.2 Being-in-itself (L’etre en soi) … … … 4
1.3 Being-for-itself (L’etre pour soi) … … … 8
1.4 Being-for-others (L’etre pour autrui) … … … 12
CHAPTER TWO
2.1. Definition of The Term freedom … … … 16
2.2 Some philosophers view of freedom … … … 17
2.3 Kinds of freedom … … … … … … 21
2.4 Freedom and Determinism … … … … 27
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Sartre’s Freedom … … … … … … 30
3.1 Freedom: The basis of human existence … … 31
3.1.1 Responsibility … … … … … … 36
3.1.2 Inauthentic existence (Bad faith) … … … 41
3.1.3 The question of God (Sartre’s Atheism) … … 44
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Evaluation and Conclusion … … … … 50
4.1 Evaluation … … … … … … … 50
4.2 Conclusion … … … … … … … 56
BIBLIOGRAPHY … … … … … … … 58
SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF JEAN PAUL SARTRE,
Jean Paul Sartre was born in 1905 by Jean Batiste, a naval officer and Anne Marie Schiveitzer. He was educated at Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris where he proved himself as an academician. While still at the Ecole Normale Sartre was attracted to philosophy through the inspiration of Henri Bergson whose “Essai Sur les donnees immediates de la conscience’ made him (Sartre) feel that philosophy is absolutely terrific, you can learn the truth through philosophy. He studied Husserl’s phenomenology at the Institute Francais in Berlin between 1934-35. in 1936 Sartre wrote his “Transcendental Ego” m Germany. He also published his novel “Nausea” while still in Berlin which he ever considered as his best work even at the end of his profession.
During the World War II, Sartre was active in the French Resistance Movement and became a German prisoner of war. While in the prisoner-of-war camp, he read about Heidegger’s philosophical work and the notes he took on Heidegger at the time strongly influenced Sartre. According to him, these notes were full of observations which later found their way into Being and Nothingness. For a period, he taught at the Lycee of Havre, the Lycee Henri IV and the Lycee Cordorcet, afterward resigning to devote himself exclusively to his writings which ultimately numbered over thirty volumes. As a sequel to “Being and nothingness” (1943), Sartre wrote another work entitled “critique of Dialectical Reason (1960). His last book was the three-volume work on Flaubert: (The idiot of the family 1971 – 72)
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