ABSTRACT

This project is on the design and fabrication of deep freezer for the preservation of items/products and making the items to cool. The project is able to develop a simple efficient economical and environmental friendly refrigeration system (A freezer) towards better technological advancement in Nigeria. This project modifies the existing refrigeration system with the use of R-600a which is ozone friendly, and non-contaminant like previous refrigerant of the hydrofluoric-carbon, HFC and CFC like R-12, and R22 which has been phased out according tothe general convection at Britain in 1996. The cooling load obtained was 10682KW, and co-efficient of performance be minimized. The material used were mild steel and the inner pipe of the cabinet i.e. evaporator in order to minimize corrosion. For the better improvement of this work, low power consumption of the compressor refrigeration was used so as to maintain the rate of cooling and freezing of large items/products. And the outer dimensions are: length-1245mm, breadth-895mm-0. 895m, Height-906mm-0.96m and the inner dimensions are Iength-1225mm-1.225m; Breadth-895mm-0.895m, Height-886mm- 0.886m.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                          i

Certification                                                                                      ii

Dedication                                                                                         iii

Acknowledgement                                                                             iv

Abstract                                                                                            v

Table of content                                                                                vi

CHAPTER ONE: REFRIGERATION

1.0     Introduction                                                                            1

1.1     Literature Review                                                                              2

1.2     General Definition and Development                                                3

1.3     Purpose and Scope of Refrigerator                                         4

1.4     Aim and Objectives                                                                 7

CHAPTER TWO: TYPES OF REFRIGERATOR SYSTEM

2.0     Types of Refrigerator System                                                 8

2.1     The Vapor Compression Refrigeration System                       8

2.2     The Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System                         9

CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENTS                   PARTS

3.0     Description of the Components Parts                                               13

3.1     Compressor                                                                                      13

3.2     The Condenser                                                                        16     

3.3     The Evaporator                                                                       17

3.4     Pressure Gauges and Thermometers                                                 19

3.5     Strainer/Drier                                                                          19

3.6     The Capillary Tube                                                                 20

CHAPTER FOUR: DESIGN CRITERIA, CALCULATION AND ELECTION OF EQUIPMENT

4.0     Design Criteria, Calculation and Selection of Equipment                 21

4.1     The Evaporator Cabinet                                                                   21

4.2     Design Condition                                                                              22

4.3     Evaporator for Cabinet Casing                                                         23

4.4     Conducted Heat                                                                       27

4.5     Refrigerant Piping Design                                                       28

4.6     Calculations of Component Parts                                           32

4.7     Refrigerator Load Estimation                                                  40

4.8     Refrigerant Used                                                                     41

4.9     Determination of the Flow Rate                                              47

4.10   Heat Balance for the System                                                   48

4.11   Co-efficient of Performance                                                     50

CHAPTER FIVE: FABRICATION DETAILS

5.1     The External Cabinet and Material Select                               53

5.2     Insulation                                                                                53

5.3     Compressor Base                                                                              55

5.4     Condenser                                                                               55

5.5     Assembly of Part                                                                     55

5.6     Lubricants in Refrigeration System                                         56

5.7     Trouble Shooting in Domestic Refrigerator                                      57

5.8     Bill of Engineering Materials and Evaluation (BEME)            59

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.0     Conclusion                                                                              60

6.1     Recommendation                                                                     60

References                                                                               62

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1:          Hydrocarbon refrigerant Application (Jones, W.p. [(1996)]    45

Table 2:          Common Refrigerant (Jones, W.P. 1996)                                     46

Table 3:          Construction of the Evaporator                                                     54

Table 4:          Trouble shooting in domestic refrigerator                                               57

Table 5:          Bill of engineering materials and evaluation                 59

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1:     The Vapor compression refrigeration system                8

Figure 2:     Pictorial view of refrigeration system                                      10

Figure 3;     Pictorial view of compressor                                         23

Figure 4;     Pictorial view of evaporator                                          27

Figure 5;     Pictorial view of condenser                                            29

CHAPTER ONE

REFRIGERATION

1.0     INTRODUCTION

The ice cream being sold at the corner stores, the frozen vegetable for dinner, the refreshing water for drinking at the office, water cooler are all dependent on the science of refrigeration. Refrigeration in its specialized forms in a comparative modern development which has been in practice for generations, and its application in controlling environmental condition has made possible some outer space programs and many other scientific and commercial activities as it can be obtained in our houses and on the farm which is considered as an example of a natural refrigeration techniques, the porous clay jugs used in hot desert countries for cooling water, the ice box, for food preservation etc. (Raymond, C.G. (1973).

This write up presents the principle of mechanical refrigeration in vapor compression refrigeration system and it application which gives a clear understanding about the design and operation of the unit.

1.1     LITERATURE REVIEW

Refrigeration is branch of engineering that is concerned with the science of producing and maintaining temperature below that of the surrounding atmosphere [Raymond, C.G. (1973)]. It also the process of removing heat from the substance.

Before the advent of mechanical refrigeration, water was kept cool by storing in semi-porous pots, so that the water could seep through and evaporate. The evaporation carried away heat and cooled the water [Raymond, C.G. (1 973)].

The first development took place in 1834 when Perkins proposed a hand operated compressor working machine. In 1851 came Gorries and in 1856 Lind developed a machine working on ammonia [Andrew, D. & Alfred, (1970)]. The development was considered quickened in the forties when Dupent put in the market, a family of new working substances, the floro chloro derivate of methane,1 ethane etc. under the name of ferons; then followed the liquefaction of other permanent gases included helium in 1908. [Andrew, D. & Alfred, F.B. (1970)].

In 1926, Ginque and Diebye independently proposed adiabatic demagnetization of a paramagnetic salt. In 19th century application of mechanical refrigeration in fields other than ice making including direct cooling and freezing of perishables foods, air conditioning for industry and human comfort [[Andrew, D. & Alfred, F. B. (1970)].

1.2     GENERAL DEFINITION AND DEVELOPMENT

Refrigeration may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substance. The American society of Engineers defines refrigeration as “the science of producing and maintaining temperature below that of the surrounding atmosphere”. This implies the development of temperature differential rather than the establishment of a given temperature level.

Therefore refrigeration is accomplished by establishing temperatures differentials and evaporation of liquids or combination of both methods for removing heat from a substances in a refrigeration i.e. heat is put into the working substance at lower pressure and temperature and provide the latent heat to make it boil and change to vapor. The vapor is then compressed to a high pressure and temperature at which the superheated gas can be removed and the fluid is turn to liquid. The total cooling effect will be the heat transferred to the working fluid in the evaporator [Raymond, C. G. (1973)].

In any refrigeration process, three basic factors are involved which are: Heat change, pressure control and liquid gas relationship, therefore a working system will require a connection between the condenser and the inlet to the evaporator to complete the circuit.

1.3     PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REFRIGERATOR PROJECT

The purpose of refrigerator deals with the use of refrigerator which is in three forms.

i.        To produce the temperature of a substance (Act of cooling).

ii.       To change a substance from one state to another (as water to ice)

iii.      To maintain substance in a desired temperature state (food preservation or ice storage) [Raymond, C. C. 1973].

All the above purpose is personal comfort in both temperature and hot climatic regions. It importance to the society can also be grouped under the following sub headings:

1.       DOMESTIC: Refrigerators are commonly used in the house for domestic purpose. They are usually in all sizes having a compressor rating between (1/2) half and (1) one-horse power and are hermetically sealed type. They are commonly employed for cooling drinks and as food preservation [Andrew, D. & Alfred, F. B, (1970)].