The 2nd International Conference on the Status and Future of the World’s Large Rivers (WLR) in Manaus was organized by an international scientific committee, led by the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, together with a local organizing committee led by the Universidade Federal do Amazonas,Manaus, Brazil. The conference was held in Manaus, Brazil, in the immediate vicinity of the Rio Negro. The key theme in this event was the pressures and impacts on the world’s large rivers that have increased greatly in recent years, as a consequence of their exploitation to meet human needs. Large rivers are particularly exposed to problems of multiple uses, often with conflicting aims. At the global scale, there is no overview assessment of the current status of the world’s large rivers, the conflicting demands on such rivers, and likely future anthropogenic impacts, as well as the potential for restoration and the associated problems. The aim of the International Conference on the Status and Future of the World’s Large Rivers is to provide a global forum for a wide‐ranging discussion of key issues related to research on large rivers and to their effective and sustainable management, involving both scientists and decision-makers. The first conference took place in 2011 in Vienna, Austria, and was continued in 2014 in Manaus, Brazil, with the following four main conference topics. Due to the head location of the conference (Manaus), one main issue was Amazonia and South America. Researchers expressed the insights of the relevant research environments in 41 oral presentations. These covered various research fields such as measuring and modelling methods, sediment transport, floodplain and watershed management, ecosystem stability, dissolved organic and anorganic pollution or sediment transport, and water quality. These researches were implemented in South America and Amazonia covering the following rivers: Amazon (Brazil), Xingu River (Brazil), Negro River (Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela), Paraná River (Argentina), Orinoco River (Columbia and Venezuela), and Uruguay River (Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay). Further key issues had river-related thematic focuses without areal context. Within the thematic block Hydrology, Hydraulics & Water Quality, 40 presentations covered that issue for a large number of international waterbodies. In 45 presentations, interesting insights to the thematic field of Sediment Transport, Material Fluxes & River Morphology were provided. In Ecology & Restoration, 40 presentations were held to show the latest findings within that research field. This special issue ESPR publishes seven articles, which are based on the oral presentations at the WLR conference 2014 covering the research field of organic and anorganic river pollution, as well as water quality changes and their relevance for regions in South America, Turkey, and China. Moquet et al. (2016) estimate in their paper the major dissolved species flux of the Amazon River from the Andes to the ocean. Based on the data of the BPrograma Climatologico y Hydrologico de la Cuenca Amazonica de Bolivia^ (PHICAB) and the HYBAM, they show a first global observation of temporal dynamics of each geomorphological domain and fluxes. The observations highlight that the geomorphological and geological setting under tropical context is primarily controlling the weathering flux repartition. D’Arc de Paula et al. (2016) examined the organic carbon distribution in the Amazon River basin.
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