ABSTRACT
This project research was done to build a device that
is capable of recording the heart rate of an individual and sending that heart
rate to the doctor. This research is aimed on making the process of recording
heart rate less complicated and the device that will be developed during this
research will try to meet the standards of a good heart rate monitor. It will
be easy to use, sizable and light so it can be carried around during
emergencies. The device is going to be very user friendly in the sense that there
are no complicated buttons the individual just checks their heart rate and the
system does the rest. This project will be used in the medical and health care
department mostly, it will also be used in schools and homes. This project will
help in the prevention of heart rate diseases in the sense that if an
individual keeps tabs on his heart rate and is always in sync with is medical
doctor, when an alteration in the heart rate is noticed or observed it is
quickly dealt with before the issue becomes aggravated.
Table of Contents
1.1.4 Fingertip reader or scanner
History of heart rate
monitors
2.6 REVIEW
OF OTHER PROJECTS RELATED TO OURS
CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM
ANALYSIS AND DESING
3.2 JUSTIFICATION
OF METHODOLOGY
3.3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE ABOVE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
3.4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
3.4.1.1 The use of the
Pulse Sensor
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND TESTING
4.2 Block
Diagram Circuit Design and Operation
4.4 Connection
Between ArduinoUno and display screen
4.5 Communication
with GSM Module
SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
In this chapter
discussion of how the heart works will be treated and some important terms will
be defined to help our description of the heart rate scanner device. Some
important terms that will be defined are: Microcontroller, Heart rate and
Fingertip reader or scanner.
The
heart is a vital part of the human body because it is from the heart acts as a
mechanism that pumps blood to reach every nook and cranny of the human body the
heart beats up to 100,000 times in a day.
The heart is divided into two sides
and the dividing line is called the septum the right side of the heart pumps
blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen, the left side then receives the oxygen
rich blood gotten from the lungs and then pumps it to the rest of the body. The
heart has four sides or chambers and also four valves these valves are
connected to the different blood vessels. The blood vessels and veins carry
blood from the body back to the heart while arteries help in the transportation
of blood to the rest of the body.
It is important to see how the heart
beats, the atria and the ventricles work side by side, alternately contracting
and relaxing pump blood. The part of the heart that makes this possible is the
electrical system of the heart. The heartbeat is triggered by electrical
impulses which travel down a special pathway through the heart. These
electrical impulses starts in the small specialized cells which are called the
sinoatrial node, it is located at the right atrium. The sinoatrial node is
known as the hearts natural pacemaker. Electrical activity spreads through the
walls of the atria and cause them to contract. A cluster of cells in the middle
of the heart between the atria and ventricles the atrioventricular node acts
like a gate that makes the electrical signal slow before it enters the
ventricles. This delay allows the atria to have ample to contract before the
ventricles contract. A pathway called the His-Purkinje network is a pathway of
fibers that sends the impulse to the muscular walls of the ventricles, causing
them to contract.
With the knowledge of how the heart
beats it has been noted that when the body is at rest, a normal heart beats up
to 50 – 99 times a minute. When partaking in exercise, having emotions, down
with a fever and on medications the heart beats higher than normal that is over
100 beats per minute.
The heartbeat or pulse rate is one of
the important vitals being checked in any health organization. Taking a pulse
does not only measure the heart rate, but it also indicates the heart rhythm
and the strength of the pulse with these measurements the doctors will be able
to detect whether there is or is not an issue. The normal pulse of a healthy
adult is ranges from 60 to 100 bpm. The pulse rate fluctuates, that is
increases and increases depending on the activity being carried out or the body
is at rest. It has been observed that females over the ages of 12 and above
tend to have faster heart beats than males.
There are different ways of checking
your pulse, one of the oldest and most conventional way of checking your pulse
is to feel the beats by firmly pressing the arteries since blood is pumped out
of the body through the arteries. Where the arteries can be felt or the pulse
are at the side of the neck, the easiest is found at the wrist, inside your
elbow.
Another way that was used for
monitoring the heart rate was the electrocardiograph, this device was a
galvanometric device that detects and records the minute differences in
electric potential caused by heart action and occurring between different parts
of the body. The electrocardiograph was used to detect heart diseases.
The new modern age monitors come in
different types, for example the chest and wrist or even mobile phones like the
SAMSUNG S6. From the first edition of plastic straps, water or liquid was
required for the device to perform at an optimum level. Later on the units used
have conductive smart fabric with microprocessors built into them these
microprocessors analyze the electrocardiograph signal to determine the heart
rate. Most recent devices use optics to measure the heartrate using infrared
light. It works by an infrared light by an internal bulb, as the infrared light
is absorbed by the blood, a sensor then measures how dark the infrared light
is, if it is extremely dark due to the pulse causing a temporal increase in the
amount of blood that is being carried through the measured area and that is
counted as heart pulse.
Most of these products that read the
important vitals of heart rate which can be called heart monitors are in the
hospital or health facility. So any individual that wants to use the service
has to go to the hospital or health facility and the other devices check vitals
but do not give so much of a detailed review of your heart performance.
This
project creates a bridge from client to doctor so clients can easily get
detailed review from a professional on that individual’s heart performance
A
microcontroller which is also known as MCU, which stands for microcontroller
unit is a computer system on a chip that is used to carry out executable task
on mini systems and other mini devices.
The
Microcontroller unit contains an integrated processor, memory and programmable
input or output peripherals, which are used to interact with elements in the
chip.
The
microcontroller unit is very different from a microprocessor which only
contains a Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Let
us first define heart rate before discussing how it is measured. Heart rate is
the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart
per minute (bmp)
Heart
rate varies according to different activities of the body. These activities
include physical exercise, sleep, anxiety, stress, illness, and ingestion of
drugs. These activities also influence the rate of absorption of oxygen and
excretion of carbon dioxide which also influences the heart rate.
A
fingerprint scanner is a technology that identifies and authenticates the
fingerprints of an individual in order to grant or deny access to a computer
system or a physical facility.
When
the heart is beating, it pumps blood all through the body, this also changes
the blood volume inside the finger artery. This fluctuation of blood can be
detected through an optical sensing mechanism placed around the fingertip. The
signal can be amplified further for the microcontroller to count the rate of
fluctuation, which is actually the heart rate. The sensor unit consists of an
infrared light-emitting-diode (IR LED) and a photo diode, placed side by side, and
the fingertip is placed over the sensor assembly. The IR LED transmits an
infrared light into the fingertip, a part of which is reflected back from the
blood inside the finger arteries. The photo diode senses the portion of the
light that is reflected back. The intensity of reflected light depends upon the
blood volume inside the fingertip. So, every time the heart beats the amount of
reflected infrared light changes, which can be detected by the photo diode.
With a high gain amplifier, this little alteration in the amplitude of the
reflected light can be converted into a pulse.
This
device is simply a device that supports communication between CPU board and
external devices. This board can be used to send or receive messages which will
be a big contribution to our project requirement for a client to be able to
communicate the readings to a professional (Doctor), the GSM module will be
very needed so this board is very important for the optimization of the project
and overall performance.
From
the Electrocardiograph it shows the elaborate process it takes to get a heart
rate reading the whole process of putting electrodes on different parts of the
skin so it will be easy to detect the pulse from the various muscles the
electrodes had been placed on, this process will take a long time. Though the
electrocardiograph was created a long time ago but the idea is still welcomed.
But all the new heart rate monitors being created which are generally merged to
a microcontroller board, are still complex for some individuals to handle.
Individual get to visit the hospitals
because they can’t afford to go through the stress of using a complicated heart
rate measurement device they bought already and getting to the hospital the
procedures for registering at a health facility and seeing a medical officer
are also time demanding which will force individuals that are really time
conscious or impatient to tend to keep postponing their medical check-up
because they will have to spend inconsiderable amount of time at the hospital.
Some other microcontroller heart rate
monitoring devices are more technical or complicated to use considering the
level of Knowledge of uneducated individuals.
Based on research on other projects
the heart rate monitoring device has to use exactly one minute to get an
accurate heart rate measurement which can be done at a faster rate considering
time as a factor.
In others, projects the monitors made
where made to just measure our heart beat, but individuals that are not medical
practitioners or have no clue on how to read heart rate measurements will not
be able to operate the device properly.
As
seen therefore there is a great need to simplify heartrate monitoring devices
so everyone would be able to use it so the rate of cardiovascular diseases
drastically reduced.
This
project, aim is to build a system that can monitor the heart rate of
individuals and make usability of this heart rate measuring device simpler for
uneducated individuals who seem to have issues measuring and reading their
heart rate by themselves by providing a helper (the doctor) who will decipher
the reading that was taken by the device and sent to the doctor for proper
analysis and produce a more reader friendly report for the users.
The
objectives of this project are:
1. To
design an algorithm that monitors the heartrate of an individual in thirty
seconds.
2. To
review other works that are closely related to this project.
There
will be a fingertip sensor that will read the heart beat from the fingertip
using an Infrared Light Emitting Diode (IR LED) for thirty seconds from an LED
sensor which sends the data to the microcontroller that will now convert the
readings from thirty seconds to one minute so the result given will be beat per
minute(bpm). The result is then sent to the screen and when the send button is
pressed a message will be sent to the medical professional whose details will
be programmed inside the device.
The
project provides a user friendly method of measuring the heart beat even if the
user is uneducated or educated he still gains help from a professional (doctor)
who analysis the reading and provides a more understandable result.
The device produces result faster for
further analysis.
This device captures and saves the
reading at the particular time and sends it to a professional for proper
analysis. It also provides three phases and a button:
Phase 1(up)- automatic send ON
Phase 2(middle)- OFF
Phase 3(down)- manual send ON.
It has one button on surface which is
the send button.
This device supports a sim card that
enables it send information from the reading to the professional analyst (the
doctor).
The
device will be an indoor device that will be used in homes, schools, hospitals,
emergency health care, military facilities, charity health care tours.
The
rate at which people go to the hospital because of heart related illnesses and
diseases are due to the fact that they do not have constant checkups because
the closest center to get a checkup will take the individual out of his comfort
zone. But with the thirty seconds microcontroller finger print scanner
connecting user and doctor, individuals can prevent bad heart conditions by
regular checkups from the comfort of their homes, offices and institutions.
·
The project will need good network
coverage or signal to connect to the doctor.
·
Abstract
·
Chapter one: Background study, problem
statement, aims and objectives, research methodology, scope of study, and
project organization.
·
Chapter two: Introduction, review of
closely related topics conclusion on reviews
·
Chapter three: System Analysis and Design
Methodology, Instruction, Block Diagram, Explanation of different components,
how they will be used and what they will be used for.
·
Chapter four: System Implementation and
Testing, explaining how the system works diagrammatically, limitations, outline
of the different stages and challenges faced, manual.
·
Chapter five: Future Enhancement,
Recommendation and conclusion.
·
References.
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